A rib fracture is a break in one or more of the ribs. Rib fractures can be caused by a variety of factors, such as trauma to the chest, a fall, or a direct blow to the chest. The symptoms of a rib fracture can vary depending on the severity of the fracture, but may include sharp pain when breathing, coughing, or moving, tenderness and swelling around the area of the fracture, difficulty breathing, and a visible deformity or bulge in the chest.
Risk factors for rib fractures include osteoporosis, a condition in which the bones become weak and brittle, and participating in contact sports or activities that involve high impact to the chest, such as martial arts or football.
Diagnosis of a rib fracture usually involves a physical examination, imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans, and possibly blood tests. Differential diagnosis includes other causes of chest pain, such as a heart attack or pulmonary embolism.
Treatment options for rib fractures include pain management with over-the-counter or prescription medications, rest, ice, and compression, and in some cases, surgery. Most rib fractures heal on their own within six weeks, although severe fractures may require longer recovery times. Prognosis for rib fractures is generally good, with most people making a full recovery within a few months. However, complications such as lung puncture or pneumonia can occur in some cases, especially in elderly or immunocompromised individuals.