Whiplash is a neck injury caused by a sudden back-and-forth motion of the head and neck, typically as a result of a car accident, sports injury, or physical assault. The injury occurs when the neck muscles and ligaments are stretched beyond their normal range of motion. Whiplash can range from mild to severe and can affect the neck, upper back, and shoulders.
Symptoms of whiplash can include neck pain, stiffness, and headaches. Other symptoms may include dizziness, fatigue, numbness or tingling in the arms or hands, and difficulty sleeping.
The most common cause of whiplash is a car accident in which the vehicle is hit from behind, causing the head to suddenly and forcefully snap forward and then backward. Other causes of whiplash can include falls, sports injuries, and physical assaults.
Risk factors for whiplash include being involved in a motor vehicle accident, participating in contact sports, and having a pre-existing condition such as osteoporosis or arthritis.
Diagnosis of whiplash is typically made based on the patient’s history of injury and physical examination. Imaging tests, such as X-rays or MRI, may be ordered to rule out other injuries or to assess the extent of the damage to the neck.
Differential diagnosis for whiplash includes other neck injuries such as cervical sprain/strain, herniated disc, and cervical spine fracture.
Treatment options for whiplash can include rest, ice and heat therapy, pain medication, and physical therapy. In some cases, a cervical collar may be prescribed to immobilize the neck and allow it to heal. Surgery is rarely necessary for whiplash unless there is a severe injury to the neck. Recovery timeframes can vary depending on the severity of the injury and the individual patient, but most people recover within a few weeks to a few months.
Prognosis for whiplash is generally good, with most patients experiencing a full recovery within a few months. However, some people may continue to experience symptoms such as neck pain and stiffness for a longer period of time. In rare cases, chronic pain and disability can occur.